Federal Drug Policy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal Drug Policy Paper - Essay Example Early intervention with teens and parents is recommended, and programs and grants in economically disadvantaged communities are being increased. Drugs are big business and dealers look for big markets. Many young people are introduced to drugs by a friend, but the belief that "everyone" is using drugs is a fallacy. The President's drug control policy is focused on use by young people, while drug use is often related to behavior problems as well; however, the strategy does not address this (General Accounting 2003). In fact, communities are encouraged to apply for grants to set up their own programs. In other words, the government prefers to pass the buck. According to the 2004 strategy, the drug treatment system is being expanded over five years and an increase in funds is proposed. It is also suggested that drug courts could be established at the county level with incentives for drug users in order to reduce recidivism. Once more, however, as in plans to stop drug use, the community is called upon to develop a residential, therapeutic community-type treatment campus. (Fraser 2006). Law enforcement often targets smaller issues, while larger issues get out of hand (Fraser 2006). The U.S. Government announced that it would no longer seize small shipments of Canadian pharmaceuticals at the border. Months of aggressive seizures resulted in 40,000 confiscations nationwide. Because of cheaper drugs in Canada, seniors complained about the seizures. As a deterrent to major drug cartels this action had no effect at all and only made it difficult for seniors to survive in a failing U.S. economy. It is said that the FDA and U.S. Customs illegally confiscated medications to boost U.S. sales of pharmaceuticals (Fraser 2006). Disrupting the Market Increased initiatives are intended to curtail Priority Target Organizations in the international drug trade, with more flight hours for patrolling regions with radar coverage, and with the Department of State Andean Counterdrug Initiative supporting Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, Venezuela, and Panama (President's National 2004). Unfortunately, an increase in budget in these areas might close down one area and cause another one is set up immediately (Friesendorf 2007). How Does Arrest of Drug Dealers Factor into the Policy The effort to curtail access to illegal drugs has been a government initiative for many years, but for every apparently successful effort, another drug trafficking organization arises, with bribery and money laundering as well as corrupt government practices creating a financial bonanza for those in the drug trade. Establishing increased enforcement is all very well if it is successful but too often it meets the barrier of corruption. The effort to limit agricultural sources has not been successful and interferes with a cultural way of life in which a country uses the plants it grows such as coca as medicine or in cultural rituals (Friesendorf 2007). Conclusion Government studies show that drug use initiation is highest among

The ancient civilizations of Egypt and China Essay Example for Free

The ancient civilizations of Egypt and China Essay The ancient civilizations of Egypt and China were very similar in many different aspects. Their governments and their geography were extremely alike and the religions of the two civilizations had only tiny differences. The early Egyptians also had the same concept of writing as the Chinese people who lived across the continent from them. Suprisingly, these two ancient civilizations that existed very far away from each other show a enormous amount of similarities in almost every area. The government of Ancient Egypt was headed by a king (in the New kingdom, the king assumed the name pharaoh) with absolute power. Different dynasties, or a line of rulers from the same family, would rule Egypt. Each ruler was considered to be a god whose orders were undisputable. However, the government was not only a monarchy; it was a theocracy. The king would perform religious rituals to help the harvest because this would ensure prosperity in Egypt. Likewise, the Chinese government also consisted of an emperor that would belong to a dynasty. Like in Egypt, a dynasty could rule until it would be eventually overthrown. The Chinese kings would also perform religious duties; they prayed, sacrificed, gave offerings and used oracle bones to call upon their ancestors. Both the Chinese and the Egyptian governments had similar structure and duties. If one took a look at China and Egypts geography, one would notice that they are quite similar. The natural barriers of the two civilizations are akin to each other. China has the Pacific Ocean and the Bay of Bengal to protect it from an attack on land. Equally, Egypt has the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea as an effective natural barrier against non-naval attacks. Also, deserts protect the two civilizations. While Egypt has the Libyan and Nubian Deserts, China is equipped with the Gobi Desert. Both China and Egypt have huge rivers located in them. While Egypts pride, the Nile River, is a huge producer of food and life, China has three major rivers, the Huang He, the Chang Jiang, and the Xi Jiang. The ancient Chinese and the ancient Egyptians were both polytheistic, which caused them to be very similar. The Egyptians believed that the gods were usually part human and part animal each gods each played a different role.  There were a few main gods that everybody worshipped and there were also local gods for different regions of Egypt. Egyptians also believed in a happy afterlife for everybody, in which you could only take along things you were buried with to your afterlife. The early Chinese peoples also believed in many deities and they thought that if they made sacrifices and offerings to their gods, then they would be rewarded. There were gods for everything, like in the Egyptian religion; each god would represent something. The ancient civilizations of Egypt and China were very similar. The government in both places was similarly set up and the geography of China was very much alike to the geography of Egypt. Religion was also a common trait of these two civilizations. Strangely, considering these two cultures developed isolated from each other, they share a lot of common traits.

Humanitarian Intervention Essay -- Human Rights

The debate of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect have been discussed in international relations discourse more seriously within the last 60 years. The major historical developments which have led to an increase in the intensity of these debates have had beneficial and detrimental effects on Earth within the last 20 years. Several factors have contributed to this including; globalization, the rise in international accountability, an increase humanitarian consciousness to prevent major atrocities from occurring, the expansion of territorial to global responsibility of the western world, and the realization of the western world that regional sovereignty no longer accounts for national security. To develop an opinion on the subject of humanitarian intervention and how beneficial it has been to global justice one must examine the institutions which were created to achieve peace, justice, deterrence, and international stability. The military tribunals following WWII for Germany and Japan called the Nuremburg and Tokyo trials enlightened the victors of the great war. As a result the Allies felt it was essential to create an over-arching legal system of governance in the international spectrum. These trails established that human rights violations which once only gave rise to state responsibility now could be prosecuted against individuals. These trials also brought about the realization in the international community that international law can over-ride domestic law. In 1945 the United Nations was established with the goal of creating international principles and policies which would bring order to the chaotic international political and legal reality. Following WWII nations around the world recognized the nee... ...asure of justice if it is applied to all victims of the Earth not only ones in which major powers have vested interests. Works Cited â€Å"The Failure to Protect, Again: A Comparative Study Of International And Regional Reactions Towards Humanitarian Disasters In Rwanda And Darfur† Hagar Taha http://soas.academia edu/HagarTaha/Papers/609868/The_Failure_to_Protect_Again_A_Comparative_Study_Of_ International_And_Regional_Reactions_Towards_Humanitarian_Disasters_In_Rwanda_And_Darfur â€Å"War Crimes Law Comes of Age† Theodore Meron â€Å"Counter-hegemonic International Law† Balakrishnan Rajagopal â€Å"Essentials International Criminal Law† Slye and Van Schaack â€Å"R2P Alive and Well After Lybia† Thomas Weiss â€Å"The R2P Controversy† Ramesh Thakur and Mary Ellen O’Connell â€Å"Reflections on the Legality and Legitimacy of NATO’s Intervention in Kosovo† Nicholas Wheeler

Jew in a Christian society Essay

Miss Daisy is a 72 year old widow living alone. She is a woman of strong will and values her independence. After having an accident backing out of her garage, her son, Boolie, insists on hiring a driver for her. Daisy resists this wish as she wants to be in control of her own life. Boolie is 40 years old and has taken over his father’s printing company. Boolie takes good care of his mother, but sometimes neglects to take into account her feelings. When he disagrees with her, he will generally override her opinion without thinking about what she wants or why she wants it. Boolie hires Hoke Coleburn to be Miss Daisy’s driver. Hoke is a 60 year old, African American. He is extremely patient with Miss Daisy despite her prejudice and stubborn behavior. Hoke is willing to stand up for himself when he feels his dignity is at stake. Both, Daisy and Hoke have preconceived notions about race. They are both very stubborn but have different ways of expressing it. Daisy verbally protests, as she did when Boolie hired Hoke. Hoke doesn’t verbalize his protests, but will take firm action. Daisy makes demands and Hoke ignores them and continues on his chosen path. The relationships that exist between Daisy and Hoke is that of employer/employee. In the position of employer, Miss Daisy maintains power over Hoke and controls his environment. She is also white, which provides an even greater sense of power, particularly in the south in the 1940s and 1950s. Miss Daisy doesn’t trust Hoke or any blacks for that matter. Miss Daisy has deep seated prejudice but does not acknowledge it, as it is simply part of her society. As an independent, educated, white Jewish woman in the south, Daisy is a formidable force. Hoke is a black, uneducated, unemployed man in the south. Daisy’s life is changing however. She has become physically vulnerable due to age. Socially she is a Jew in a predominantly Christian society. When Boolie hires Hoke as her driver, Miss Daisy loses her independence and she is dependent on Hoke for transportation. In this moment, Boolie demonstrates that he has become a decision maker for Daisy. Although he cares for his mother, by not listening to her or taking her feelings into account, he is losing her trust. Daisy finds herself thrust into a position where she must be cared for by people she doesn’t trust (Hoke). She is no longer making her own decisions. Being placed in a position of vulnerability, and not being able to trust those who care for you, Daisy struggles with her position. When Daisy first meets Hoke, she dislikes him, both because he is African American and because she resents his presence in her home. However, Miss Daisy and Hoke do form a relationship and do in fact become friends. They share something in common. They are both aging and both have some vulnerability in the environment in which they coexist, Daisy as a Jew and Hoke as an African American. Though their relationship is strained at the beginning, they do take steps that promote closeness and trust. They share crucial similarities, yet their differences allow them the opportunity to learn from each other and enrich their lives. Hoke and Daisy are dependent on each other. Daisy needs to be able to get around and Hoke needs employment. It takes Daisy some time to succumb to the pressure of Boolie and allow Hoke to drive her somewhere, but she finally gives in. Daisy tries to maintain the upper hand on this drive, telling Hoke where to drive, where to turn, even when she has simply forgotten or age has challenged her memory. Hoke, rather than challenging her, does what he needs to do and allows her to believe she is right. Hoke does â€Å"listen† to Daisy, and understands her needs. He is honest with her when needed, but always in a quiet and respectful manner. He is loyal to her. He is there for her when her son, Boolie, is not. Hoke demonstrates his loyalty and friendship when he drives to her home on the night of an ice storm, when the road were slick, because he knows she is alone. Daisy allows Hoke to share intimate moments of her life, a sign of trust. When Hoke drives her to the cemetery, Daisy realizes that Hoke cannot read. Daisy teaches him to read and provides to Hoke a new status in the world, while Hoke teaches the her about human rights and wrongs. Their trip to Mobile, they both open up and share intimate stories with each other, the kind you only share with a friend. On this trip, Hoke also realizes how much Daisy needs him and is afraid to be without him. This â€Å"otherness† helped Daisy and Hoke to form a meaningful, lasting friendship that is mutually beneficial. Daisy strengthens Hoke’s inner world, giving him access to the world that she has known and the one that will bring greater self-respect, such as a steady income, a car, and the ability to read. Hoke strengthens Daisy’s outer world, helping her to become a better person, one who can move beyond her proscribed point of view and embrace concepts, such as civil rights, that will bring positive change to others. Boolie, though a competent business man, is challenged in his own right. Concerned by the racial inequalities in the business world and the perception of him by others, remains vulnerable. He has exerted power over his mother, making decisions for her, but maintains a great deal of responsibility for the family business that he has been entrusted with. Boolie is stressed, trying to maintain a business that his father had created and trying to care for his mother. Great relationships were established through the story of â€Å"Driving Miss Daisy. † The underlying issue of trust, on Miss Daisy’s part, had an impact on their relationship. She didn’t want to trust Hoke. It wasn’t natural for her to do so. Her continual questioning of the value of Hoke’s life and others like him (blacks), served as a reminder to him that he was subservient. Hoke persevered, and won her heart, despite the color of his skin and the lack of education. Hoke became her best friend. He was there when no one else was. He listened to her. Through his actions, Hoke became a leader, teaching Daisy the value of their relationship and the value of people, no matter their color of skin. He did this by being honest, respectful, and responding to her needs. He was her best friend. Boolie, though a responsible and caring man, could have furthered his relationship with his mother. He could have and should have listened to her concerns and worked with her to find answers that were meaningful for her. Daisy could have empowered Boolie and Hoke to make better decisions by communicating in a way that acknowledged their concerns and demonstrated her needs as well. Boolie’s focus was on his business and the business community. Daisy could have acknowledged that it must be difficult to take over your father’s business, particularly as a Jew in a Christian society. The discrimination that occurred among all of them, black or Jew, was a common element that could have strengthened their relationships and their ties with the world around them. The relationships they shared were hampered by their lack of belief and trust in the other and their lack of communication. Daisy was failing and prejudiced against the blacks. Hoke was uneducated and prejudiced, although in a positive way, against the Jews. Boolie had his mind made up about what was right and good for his mother, despite her wishes. Given the situation and the time that this story occurred in, each of the characters has equally believable parts and an equally believable resolution. Each of them could have seen benefits from further trust and communication.

P&G Research Essay

Does the company rely primarily on a customer intimacy, operational excellence, or product leadership customer value proposition? What evidence supports your conclusion? What business risks does P&G face that may threaten its ability to satisfy stockholder expectations? What are some examples of control activities that the company could use to reduce these risks? (Hint: Focus on page 28 of the annual report. ) What were P&Gs quarterly net sales for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2005? What were Federated Department Stores quarterly net sales for 2004? Hint: see page 79 of its 10-K. ) How does P&Gs quarterly sales trend compare to Federated Department Stores quarterly sales trend? Which of the two quarterly sales trends is likely to cause greater cash budgeting concerns? Why? Describe the scope of P&Gs business in three respectsphysical facilities, products, and customers. More specifically, how many manufacturing facilities does P&G operate globally? What are P&Gs three Global Busine ss Units (GBUs)? Which of P&Gs 17 billion dollar brands are included in each of these GBUs? How many brands does P&G offer in total and in how many countries do they sell these brands? How many countries does P&Gs Market Development Organization operate in? Describe five uncertainties that complicate P&Gs efforts to accurately forecast its sales and expenses. P&Gs annual report briefly discuss the acquisition of Gillette (see pages 10-11). It acknowledges that Gillette has some different cultural norms in terms of how it defines accountability and communicates internally. Although not discussed in the annual report, how could differences in two organizations budgeting practices be responsible for these types of divergent cultural norms?

Reform movements essays

Reform movements essays Reform movements in the early and mid nineteenth century were popular in the still infant nation of the United States. As the country became more stable politically, more concentration was placed on furthering the quality of life for all American citizens. As the reform movements became more popular, they also became more frequent, numerous and ranging in subject. Various issues, mainly slavery, religion, womens rights, immigration and temperance, controlled the social setting of 1825-1850. The invention of the cotton gin, and the beginning of the cotton movement in the South greatly increased the support and use of slavery in many states, which led to the reform movements started by those opposing slavery. Primarily due to the Second Great Awakening, many people led a powerful movement against slavery called the abolitionist movement. One of the most influential examples of the abolitionist movement is William Lloyd Garrison and his newspaper, The Liberator, which contributed tremendously to the spread of antislavery beliefs. Many slaves also turned to God to lead them in their crusade for freedom because they could no longer accept the notion of being a piece of property (Document C). Religious movements, led by the Second Great Awakening, caused the formation of many groups who believed that a strict interpretation of religion would bring the most beneficial changes to the nation. They believed that reform in the Church would bring changes in the congregation also (Document B). The obvious example is the American born Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Another example of religious pioneers who worked to promote democratic ideals were the Shakers, started by Mother Ann Lee. People found comfort in knowing that regardless of the background God would take care of them and that God decided and blessed the life of each and every person (Document E). Another controversial subject that arose during...

Free Essays on Hurbis

Hubris: A Pitfall O’Connor uses Julian’s hubris in â€Å"everything that rises must converge† to show his downfall. Throughout the story Julian feels he is above his mom and the world. Julian thinks this way because his mom is blind to the fact that the world is changing and her old views are not â€Å"correct† anymore. This is ironic because Julian is so caught up in how his mom looks at the world that he can’t see how kind she is by letting him stay with her even though he should be supporting himself. He can’t see her kindness and wants to teach her a lesson. â€Å"The law of it was to sacrifice herself after she had first created the necessity to do so by making a mess of things.†(p.11)This is the kindness that Julian cannot see when he judges his mom, which shows his excessive arrogance. During the story Julian has time to â€Å"withdrawal† from the world and judge people objectively. He feels superior in this way because of his college education which by the way his mom paid for. â€Å"H could not bear to be a part of what was going on around him. From it he could see out and judge but in it he was safe from any kind of penetration from without.† This quote further proves Julian’s hubris, he withdrawal from the world and looks on people objectively; this leads me to believe that Julian thinks he is a Christ-like figure. When he goes into this state he can see his mom in â€Å"absolute clarity† but in reality he is fogged because he cant seem to see her inner kindness, â€Å" what she meant when she said she had won was that she had brought up successfully and had sent him to college and he had turned out so well- good looking (her teeth had gone unfilled so that his could be straightened)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.11) This is the perfect example of his ignorance to his mothers kindness and self sacrifices. Every time he talks to his mom he tries to put her down in some way and tries to belittle her because of his feelings toward her. â€Å"In... Free Essays on Hurbis Free Essays on Hurbis Hubris: A Pitfall O’Connor uses Julian’s hubris in â€Å"everything that rises must converge† to show his downfall. Throughout the story Julian feels he is above his mom and the world. Julian thinks this way because his mom is blind to the fact that the world is changing and her old views are not â€Å"correct† anymore. This is ironic because Julian is so caught up in how his mom looks at the world that he can’t see how kind she is by letting him stay with her even though he should be supporting himself. He can’t see her kindness and wants to teach her a lesson. â€Å"The law of it was to sacrifice herself after she had first created the necessity to do so by making a mess of things.†(p.11)This is the kindness that Julian cannot see when he judges his mom, which shows his excessive arrogance. During the story Julian has time to â€Å"withdrawal† from the world and judge people objectively. He feels superior in this way because of his college education which by the way his mom paid for. â€Å"H could not bear to be a part of what was going on around him. From it he could see out and judge but in it he was safe from any kind of penetration from without.† This quote further proves Julian’s hubris, he withdrawal from the world and looks on people objectively; this leads me to believe that Julian thinks he is a Christ-like figure. When he goes into this state he can see his mom in â€Å"absolute clarity† but in reality he is fogged because he cant seem to see her inner kindness, â€Å" what she meant when she said she had won was that she had brought up successfully and had sent him to college and he had turned out so well- good looking (her teeth had gone unfilled so that his could be straightened)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.11) This is the perfect example of his ignorance to his mothers kindness and self sacrifices. Every time he talks to his mom he tries to put her down in some way and tries to belittle her because of his feelings toward her. â€Å"In...

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde Because they can both mean from, the Spanish prepositions desde and de are easily confused. And the fact that they sometimes are interchangeable - for example, both de aquà ­ al centro and desde aquà ­ al centro can be used for from here to downtown. - doesnt help matters. When to Use Desde However, as a general rule, it can be said that desde more strongly indicates motion from a location. To give two examples, desde commonly would be used in sentences such as Echà ³ el libro desde el coche (he threw the book from the car) and Corrià ³ desde la playa (he ran from the beach). It can similarly be used where the emphasis is on the original location rather than the destination. Desde also is used with other prepositions: desde arriba (from above), desde dentro (from inside), desde abajo (from underneath). Note that these phrases tend to indicate motion from the specified area. It is also common with time phrases. When to Use De There are numerous cases where de, not desde, must be used to translate from. Many of those are instances wherein the translation of can be substituted for from, even if awkwardly. Examples: Soy de los Estados Unidos. (Im from the United States. Im of the United States.) Sacà ³ el dinero de la bolsa. (She took the money from the purse. She took the money of the purse.) Sometimes the preposition por can be used to mean from: Est debilitado por hambre. (He is weak from hunger.) Sample Sentences Using De and Desde To Mean 'From' You can see more about how these prepositions are used in these sentences: Desde aquà ­ se ve todos los sitios turà ­sticos. (From here all the tourist sites are seen. Here, the emphasis is on the place to be in order to see the sites.)Desde siempre he sabido que la mà ºsica era algo muy importante. Since forever I have known that music is something very important. Desde siempre is a fairly common time phrase.)Esculpià ³ la estatua de piedra muy cara. (She sculpted the statue from very expensive stone. From in the translation could substitute for of.)Desde hace un aà ±o hasta dos meses, mi amiga estaba a cargo de la programacià ³n de la red. (From a year ago until two months ago, my friend was in charge of network programming. This is another example of desde in a time expression.) ¡Encuentra excelentes ofertas de vuelos desde Nueva York a Ciudad de Mà ©xico y ahorra con el mejor precio! (Find excellent sales of flights from New York to Mexico City and save with the best price! The flight involves motion from New York City.)El actor famoso dijo que sufrià ³ de depresion y adicciones. (The famous actor said he suffered from depression and addictions. De is used for from when the preposition is used to state the cause of something.) Mi novio es de un familia rica. (My boyfriend is from a rich family. From here could be substituted with of.)El presidente vivià ³ de 1917 a 1962. (The president lived from 1917 to 1962. De is used with the time element.)

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Case Study Example As is quiet evident from the given case study, before Michelle Rhee took over, either there were no mechanisms in place to measure and evaluate teacher performance or even if they existed, they were skewed in favor of the non performing teachers. Consequently, though 95 percent of the Washington, D.C. School System teachers were evaluated to be excellent, the fact was that the student test scores in the area happened to be one of the lowest in the nation. Besides, no teacher was ever fired for non-performance or lack of credentials. In that sense the achievement of Rhee lies in her initiative to link teacher performance to the on the ground results. The crux of any motivation theory is to link employee performance to output and to put the mechanisms in place, which are aimed at motivating the employees. The central assumption of the equity theory is that employee’s tend to expect a fair and just compensation for the contribution made by them (Caruth & Handlogten 43). Being true to this assumption, the teacher evaluation system contrived by Rhee happened to be just in its intent and spirit. The just credentials of the evaluation system are corroborated by the fact that it was contrived in the light of the compensation agreement agreed upon by the Washington Teachers Union (WTU). So there exists no excuse to consider the teacher evaluation system contrived by Rhee to be unjust, especially because it was initiated after accruing the consent of the associated teachers’ body. Besides, the intent of this evaluation program intended to evaluate the teacher performance and reward the performing teachers and penalize the non performing teachers. Which, arrangement could have been more equitable than this. The equity theory also states that not only the individuals are concerned about their own rewards and what the other colleagues get in comparison; they also expect a fair reward for their performance (Caruth & Handlogten

Business to Businees Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business to Businees Marketing - Essay Example Even those firms which aspire to international reach for their products are hampered by poor infrastructure and really unnecessary problems on the way. Additionally there are government regulations which have not reacted to changing technological environments as rapidly as they should. Partly this may be due to political compulsions especially in developing countries which impede quick decisions and action. There are developing countries which could be serious players in the B2B scenario but are not cost competitive enough. It can be stated that the world is in the midst of an all-purpose technological revolution based on electronic business technology, defined here as e commerce, software related trading techniques, and software related supply chain equipment. The macroeconomic benefits of the electronic business technology revolution are already apparent in some economies, especially the United States and United Kingdom. Historical experience has shown that such revolutions have often been accompanied by financial booms and busts, and the electronic business technology revolution has been no exception. But, while spending on electronic business technology goods is likely to remain stable in the immediate future, as past overinvestment unwinds, the longer-term benefits for the global economy are likely to continue, or even accelerate, in the years to come. While technological change is an ongoing process, there are periods during which technological progress is especially rapid, resulting in new products and falling prices of existing products that have widespread uses in the rest of the economy. Such periods are generally identified with electronic business technology revolutions. Earlier examples include textiles production and steam power in the industrial revolution, railroads in the nineteenth century, and electricity in the early twentieth century (the automobile could also be included, but its development was relatively gradual).

Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pricing - Essay Example In this method, the values of all the inputs applied when developing the product are summed. The other method is the value based method. This focuses on the values of the product. In this method, the value of the product is the extent of the customer's satisfaction and, therefore, forms the criteria for price setting (Smith 145). Value based method would be appropriate for this case since there is no competition in the market. Mark-up approach and the fixed percentage approach would also do for this same reason that there is no competition in the market. Therefore, balancing out on the application of these methods in price setting would be appropriate. Competition based method would not be relevant in this case since there is no competition in the market. Price skimming strategy will fall as one of my consideration. This is mainly because the product is new and does not have a replica of it in the market. For this reason, the market prices must be higher than what other existing prod ucts cost (Smith 289). The new product is of a higher quality with higher demand due to the additional features; this justifies the reason for giving it a higher price. On the other hand, I must consider how the consumers perceive higher prices and what their take on increased prices could be. The bottom line in this consideration is that high prices can be set initially and well accepted, while it may not be easy to hike prices at a later date. Beginning the sales of a new product at a high price is more advantageous. The quality of the product in this case being high would justify the high prices. The new machine is one of its own; hence, the competitors are kept away already for setting new competition on the product. In this case, I would not apply the market penetration pricing since there is no competition. The fact that this product is unique makes it more appropriate for me to set higher market prices since building demand quickly will not be affected because it is not produ ced by any other competitor. It would also be necessary for me to choose tactics that would go well with both the company and the customers. As such, quantity discount would deem necessary for a higher rate of stock flow to be realized. The timing of such high quantity purchases must be put into consideration before I offer such discounts. Having the mind of the customer at the point of price setting would become necessary for me. This will be in terms of how the customers perceive the product and the feeling they may develop over the new products and the set prices (Smith 68). This psychological aspect in price setting may help in developing a notion of how the customers would react to certain prices. Internal and external reference prices would apply in this case. Odd prices will be considered as the customers would most likely perceive the prices to be low. The number 9 at the end is the trick to be applied in this case when pricing. Zone pricing would apply considering the cost of shipping. The product would cost much more for consumers who are located far away from the manufacturing zone. Bundled purchases would be given a discount on purchases. For those who buy the washing machine and other products within the company get a discount. These are aimed at ensuring a high number of purchases of the company products with the help of having the new product in the market. Long-term and short-term pricing tactics would contrast in this case. The short-term strategies would be mostly responsive to the prevailing conditions

The Crisis Of Fordism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Crisis Of Fordism - Essay Example The above mentioned process results to a phenomenon of mass worker, controlled in bureaucratic trade unions, which negotiate common wages that increase in relation to the production levels. The common consumption patterns indicate the homogenization of the working class and this leads to a market with homogeneous commodities and a match between demand and supply (Lipietz, 1984, p. 20). Notably, the balance between the supply and demand is achieved through the Keynesian macroeconomic policies, while the balance between wages and profits is obtained through collective bargaining power. The challenges of Fordism are economic, technical and social. To begin with, the technical challenges are characterized by the exhaustion of the increasing productivity by gaining economies of scale, intensifying labor and de-skilling of the workers. Secondly, the economic limits are characterized by declining rate of profits, which is as a result of falling productivity growth or limited market for the homogeneous consumer goods while the income rises. Finally, the social limits are characterized by the rapid growing pressure on managerial prerogative, profitability and on the public financed enhanced by the rising demands of the mass workers (Lipietz, 1984, p.30). From the year 1940 to around 1965, most of the industrialized countries took the advantage of the continuous growth and rapidly increasing rates of wages and profits in a parallel mode.... However, unlike in the earlier economic recessions, the above mentioned Fordist strategy did not help. Rather, the industrialized countries encountered a period of currency instability, continuous inflation and rapid growing rate of unemployment. Notably, the failure in the economic policy in the industrialized nations was caused by the globalization of production. For instance, the European, Japanese and American countries had been for a period of over thirty years expanding in order to gain economies of scale on a global level. In absence of any control by national governments, the international trading system practiced by the multinationals was coordinated by the global financial markets. As a result of the decline of the fixed exchange rates, the global competition among various currencies determined the internal economic principles of the international industrialized nations. For instance, reflation in one country was controlled by balance of payment crises, which in turn forced a rapid return to the deflationary policies (Frieden, 2007, p.120). After the governments of the industrialized nations lost control over their economies, the complete circle of increasing consumption and production was discontinued. Rather, the workers in the industrialized nations began to incur cuts in social benefits, mass rate of unemployment and stagnant money wages. As a result of the recurrence of the social difficulties of the past, new ways had to be implemented in order to solve the deepening crisis of Fordism. The Fordist crisis was an over accumulation crisis caused by the rapid spread of the various Fordist productions methods to the Japan and Western Europe, leading to a decline of profit rate and saturation of the global markets in the

Business strategy report of Vodafone Group PLC Dissertation

Business strategy report of Vodafone Group PLC - Dissertation Example On the basis of strategic management principles, the mission as well as vision of a business firm is formulated. On the further extent, various types of business strategies are formulated, evaluated and implemented on the basis of the principles of strategic management. This dissertation will concentrate on the strategic management of Vodafone Group PLC. The framework of the paper would not only discuss the various types of business strategies incorporated by the company, but would also focus on the new strategies that can be implemented by the firm in the next five years. The learnt from the paper would help the researcher to analyze the business strategies of the company in details. Industry Analysis The industry in which Vodafone PLC is situated is the telecommunications industry. This industry deals with providing long distance communication services through technological means. Till 1982, the telecommunication sector in United Kingdom was in the form of a public owned company named Post Office Telecommunication. The market structure of the broadcasting sector was duopoly in its nature. The two companies that had formed this duopoly were BBC and the Independent Broadcasting Authority. At this point of time, the mobile or internet services did not exist in the market. With time and development of science and technology, the telecommunication sector in U.K. had expanded. ... had expanded. At present, this industry is highly competitive in nature. Its retail sector is much bigger than that of many other industrial sectors. Companies in this sector in U.K. not only earns substantial amount of profit in terms of billion dollars, but also invest a considerable part of their revenue in research and development for new innovations (Papadopoulos, 2011). Profile of the Company Vodafone Group plc, also recognized as Vodafone, is a UK based global company which is involved in the commerce of providing telecommunication services. The corporation was founded in 1991 in Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom. However, the concern shifted its headquarters to London, United Kingdom. The ancestor of Vodafone was Racal Telecom (1983-1991). In stipulations of the total financial proceeds spawned as well as the strength of subscribers, the organization is considered as the second largest telecommunication company in the globe, following China Mobile. The company is present in almost 30 economies of the world and carries its business operations in 40 other nations with the help of its business partners. At present, the company is headed by Vittorio Colao (CEO) and Gerard Kleisterlee (Chairman) (Vodafone, 2012a). It provides employment opportunities to around 87,000 citizens across the globe and also, generates income opportunities to numerous business acquaintances of the company. Some of the commodities of the company include mobile telephony, digital television, fixed line and internet services. As of 2012, the net revenue of the organization was ?46.417 billion and had operating earnings of ?11.187 billion (The World Bank, 2012). Although, the company has a hefty position in the marketplace, it still has to deal with

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making Essay

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making - Essay Example The children of smokers, compared to children of nonsmoking parents, have an increased number of respiratory disorders, are sick more often and miss more days of school. The Centers for Disease Control conservatively attributes 3,825 deaths in 1988 to passive smoking A report sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that environmental smoke kills 53,000 nonsmokers a year, including 37,000 from heart disease ("Secondhand") (Schwartz JL, 1989). Canadians are most likely to identify lung cancer and bronchitis and other respiratory problems as diseases associated with second-hand smoke. Smokers and those who live with smokers are less likely to acknowledge the health effects of smoking. Only 1 in 5 Canadians surveyed believed that second-hand smoke could cause ear infections. Even among those who know that second-hand smoke poses a danger, many mistakenly believe that children's health is only harmed by smoking directly around them. [Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Knowledge, Attitudes and Actions of Parents, Children and Child Care Providers, Health Canada, 1995]. http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of... http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of 15, some 2.8 million children, are exposed to second-hand smoke on a regular basis. [Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Health on second reading debate of Bill C-24, June 6, 1996]. Four in 10 Canadian households include someone who regularly smokes in the home. Neither the presence of children nor their age affects whether or not homes are kept smoke-free. A further 40% of Canadian homes have no regular smoker living there, but permit visitors to smoke in their home. Only 19% of Canadian homes are smoke-free. [Survey on Smoking in Canada 1994-95, Cycle 2] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm In smoker's homes, an average of 18 cigarettes a day is smoked. In only 1 in 5 of these households are cigarettes not smoked directly in front of children. Smokers are more likely to have mainly smokers in their social circle, and their children are more likely to be in contact with these smoking friends and relatives than are the children of non-smokers. [An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerning Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 1995 - Ekos Research Associates] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Thus, there is no doubt that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smoker. Evidence also indicates that maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects on fetal development. It is now apparent that 'passive' or 'involuntary' smoking also has harmful effects. This involves non-smokers being exposed to the smoke from cigarettes or other tobacco products smoked by other people. In 1987 the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health produced a statement to the effect that

Business strategy report of Vodafone Group PLC Dissertation

Business strategy report of Vodafone Group PLC - Dissertation Example On the basis of strategic management principles, the mission as well as vision of a business firm is formulated. On the further extent, various types of business strategies are formulated, evaluated and implemented on the basis of the principles of strategic management. This dissertation will concentrate on the strategic management of Vodafone Group PLC. The framework of the paper would not only discuss the various types of business strategies incorporated by the company, but would also focus on the new strategies that can be implemented by the firm in the next five years. The learnt from the paper would help the researcher to analyze the business strategies of the company in details. Industry Analysis The industry in which Vodafone PLC is situated is the telecommunications industry. This industry deals with providing long distance communication services through technological means. Till 1982, the telecommunication sector in United Kingdom was in the form of a public owned company named Post Office Telecommunication. The market structure of the broadcasting sector was duopoly in its nature. The two companies that had formed this duopoly were BBC and the Independent Broadcasting Authority. At this point of time, the mobile or internet services did not exist in the market. With time and development of science and technology, the telecommunication sector in U.K. had expanded. ... had expanded. At present, this industry is highly competitive in nature. Its retail sector is much bigger than that of many other industrial sectors. Companies in this sector in U.K. not only earns substantial amount of profit in terms of billion dollars, but also invest a considerable part of their revenue in research and development for new innovations (Papadopoulos, 2011). Profile of the Company Vodafone Group plc, also recognized as Vodafone, is a UK based global company which is involved in the commerce of providing telecommunication services. The corporation was founded in 1991 in Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom. However, the concern shifted its headquarters to London, United Kingdom. The ancestor of Vodafone was Racal Telecom (1983-1991). In stipulations of the total financial proceeds spawned as well as the strength of subscribers, the organization is considered as the second largest telecommunication company in the globe, following China Mobile. The company is present in almost 30 economies of the world and carries its business operations in 40 other nations with the help of its business partners. At present, the company is headed by Vittorio Colao (CEO) and Gerard Kleisterlee (Chairman) (Vodafone, 2012a). It provides employment opportunities to around 87,000 citizens across the globe and also, generates income opportunities to numerous business acquaintances of the company. Some of the commodities of the company include mobile telephony, digital television, fixed line and internet services. As of 2012, the net revenue of the organization was ?46.417 billion and had operating earnings of ?11.187 billion (The World Bank, 2012). Although, the company has a hefty position in the marketplace, it still has to deal with

ECON WEEK 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECON WEEK 2 - Assignment Example GDP and its related concepts [real GDP, GDP per capita etc.] are therefore incomplete measures of an economy’s health, they only account for goods and services with legal monetary value; that is, those produced and sold in legal markets (Ouanes & Thakur, 1997). Accordingly, productive activities such as a businessman fixing own broken machine, literally bypassing market transaction processes, is overlooked. Secondly, it evident that a country producing too much goods and services might actually do so by emitting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus, dampening the quality of life/air within its boundaries. Such negative externalities are always relegated in the periphery in GDP accounting, which by and large reduces the quality of human life (Hunt & Nesiba, 2008). Last but not least, a country’s output increases can be the result of increased hours of work with limited time off duty. Leisure time contributes a great deal to the quality of life that one lives , so much to the extent that it is but a misguided conclusion to assume that more products and services as measured by the GDP translates into a more enjoyable life within an

Siren Song Essay Example for Free

Siren Song Essay The progressing theme of Yeats poem Easter 1916 is one which moves from the perspective of a pacifist lamenting the horrors and cost of violence, to an activist who has been so deeply impacted by the deaths of those around him who rose to action, that he is ready to act, violently if necessary, himself. In the poems opening, the speaker admits that he has very little familiarity with those who are considered revolutionaries. He remarks that I have passed with a nod of the head/Or polite meaningless words,/Or have lingered awhile and said/Polite meaningless words, (Yeats) which indicates not only that the speaker is disengaged from the revolutionaries at a political level, but also that the speaker has taken refuge in societal manners and mores. The implication of the repeated word polite is that the speaker of the poem is a good citizen, a law-abiding man with manners and social sensibilities. The ensuing stanzas of the poem trace the realization on behalf of the poems speaker that each of the revolutionaries who were killed were, themselves, good citizens, with manners and polite etiquette. In other words, the speaker of the poem begins to realize the revolutionaries are just like him: That womans days were spent/ In ignorant good-will, (Yeats) or This man had kept a school/And rode our winged horse; (Yeats) so that the speaker begins to see that his own lot is tied up with those he had previously tried to ignore. The strategy of presenting the poem in this fashion is to allow the reader of the poem, also, to make the same emotional journey as the poems speaker, moving from detached ambivalence to involved emotionality. One of the most powerful devices is its modulated refrain which reveals variations of the sudden emotional shift in the poems speaker: All changed, changed utterly:/A terrible beauty is born. (Yeats). The refrain indicates that violence or the will to do violence is terrible; but the communal reality of a shared community, race, and nation represents beauty and is, as such, an irresistible Siren Song and it is this observation in the poem that hits at the poems true anit-war theme: demonstrating that a nation, a race, a people cannot be broken or occupied without consequence.

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay Honey is a sticky solution which is made by worker honeybees. Nectar is a normal sweet material which is described as a plant exudation that is gathered by honeybees and combined with certain secretion for the purpose of ripening and maturation.1 The main source of honey is flower nectar which, after collection , is modified and stored in honeycombes in order to be used as nourishment for the young brood.2 Chronic wound treatment is expensive and complicated. It is estimated that 1% of the population of both the United Kingdom and United States have a chronic ulcer, in the company of wound treatment price in Britain only approximately about 1 billion pound per year. The chronic healing is always excruciating, malodorous gate for expansionist infection and a potential repository for antibiotic resistant bacteria.3 Its difficult for patients to endure chronic lesions for a long time and this could have effect on the patients quality of life, work prospects, relationships, and continual pain. Zumla and Lulat ( 1982 ) described that the ancient Egyptians remembered employment of honey in 500 of 900 remedies. Hippocrates recognized the worth of honey as a unit of the diet, mix it with vinegar for pain, water for thirst, and water with different other medical substances for acute fever.4 There are many study conducted and shown successful result in several types of wounds. Chronic wounds are casing high incidence of hospital admission and the development of biofilms that inhabits the healing in this wounds. Pseudomonas argonosa one of the main bacteria that dalliances in the chronic wound healing. Manuka honey has approve to be the therapeutic treatment among the ether type of honey which inhabits the development of the biofilms in infected wounds. In this study, I have compared between microtiter plate and Calgary plate and there effectiveness preventive and inhibition of manuka honey. I believe that they were many patients in Oman who have diabetic chronic wound and there are not getting good results for their cases which end them with imputative lamps. I have selected this topics because that the use of manuka honey will contribute enhancing the wound healing in chronic wounds. Treatment of wounds using honey: The medical letters on medicating wounds with honey has been consulted recently in expert wound-care journals, with a concentrate on the medical indication and the clinical face. In this stage, scientists are considered on the therapeutic effects notice when honey is taken as a wound dressing.5 There were many reports in the medical journals that show the different type of wounds has been treated successfully with honey: abrasions, fistula, amputations, foot ulcers in lepers, abscesses , infected wounds arising from arising from trauma, bed sores, large septic wounds, burns, burst abdominal wounds following caesarean delivery, leg ulcers, malignant ulcers, sickle cell ulcers, skin ulcers, cancrum, cervical ulcers, surgical wounds, chilblains, cracked nipples, cuts, tropical ulcers ,wounds to the abdominal wall and perineum, varicose ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and other diabetic ulcers.5 Honey can generate a moist wound environment and can prevent or clear existing wound infections. Its can derided wounds and remove malodour, it reduces oedema and exudates, prevents and minimises hypertrophic scarring and hastens healing. Some honeys are available in the form of sterile product licensed for the use in wound care in Australia, Canada, the European Union, Hong Kong, New Zealand ant the USA.6 The type of honey which is normally used in the modern products is prepared specifically for wound management. It should be filtered, gamma irradiated and CE marked. The quantity of honey which can be used in the dressing is enough to cover the wound surface or fill the cavity or sinus, although It can overlap the wound margins. In the UK, wound treat honey is available in liquid form, in simple dressing form ( tulle or pad ) or in alginate dressings and the dressing may need to be changed daily initially until the level of exudates reduces with time the period between dressing changes can be extended. PROPERTEES OF CHRONIC WOUNDS: The process of acute wound healing has been divided into four steps: coagulation, inflammation, cell proliferation and repair of the matrix, and epithelialization and remodeling. The signs of an infected wound are : tumor, rubor, dolor, calor, and function laesa. Other standard have been suggested, like less transcutaneous oxygen tension ( TcPO2 ), presence of necrotic tissue, foul order, pan, wound break down, or simply lack of healing. The clinical endpoint for infection has been proposed: if Ë‚ 105 bacteria/g tissue are present, the wound is colonized whereas above 105 bacteria/g tissue it is infected. The susceptibility of colonizing bacteria to generate themselves and proliferate in a biofilm due to the weak of successful antibiotic therapy. Chronic wounds divide into various groups such as venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Each group has their specific principles for treatment based on current knowledge of pathogenesis. Venous leg ulcers are accelerate by malfunction of venous valves causing venous hypertension in the crural veins, raised pressure in capillaries, and edema. Venous pressure more than 45mmHg inevitably leads to development of a leg ulcer. The therapy of the venous leg ulcer is compression, which often heals the ulcer. Repetitive load of the neurophatic is the main cause of diabetic foot ulcer and usually ischemic foot and treatment is offloading and restoration of circulation. Pressure ulcers are produced by sustained or repetitive load on usually vulnerable areas such as the sciatic tuberculum, sacral region, heels, and shoulders in th e immobilized patient. Medicament is pressure relief with discharge mattresses, cushion seats, and ambulation of the patient. Chronic wounds in the form of to be stuck in the inflammatory step characterized by a continuing influx of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) that lanch cytotoxic enzymes, free oxygen radicals, and inflammatory brokers that cause wide collateral harm to the host tissue. The two responses cellular and humoral have a part in the inflammatory methed of chronic wounds. In the infection, (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) are detected in high amounts in chronic wounds. MMPs belong to a family of zincdependent endoproteinases that are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. They are maked by several different cells, for instance fibroblasts, macrophages, eosinophils, but in particular the PMNs. MMP production is stimulated by cytokines, growth factors, and cell-cell contact. The MMPs participate in the first stage of the wound-healing process, by throw devitalized tissue, and are therefore believed to play an important role in normal wound healing and remodeling. As for the repair stage, MMPs are important for angiogenesis, wound matrix contraction, migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and epithelialization. However, many papers proposed that elevated levels of active MMPs impair wound healing. Consequently, wound care items have been developed that aim at relieving the supposedly disadvantage effects of elevated MMPs in order to promote healing. In especially, infections with P. aeruginosa show altered amount of MMPs and MMP-regulating cytokines. Additionally, there are rarely any reports on antibody evolution against P. aeruginosa, with specific reference to chronic wounds.16 Pseudomonas argonosa biofilm cells Bacterial biofilms are polycellular communities in which cells are an integral component within an extracellular matrix at close vicinity to one another. Biofilms are after linked to solid surfaces but they converse to multicellular aggregates, flocks and grauls hanging in the aqueous phase in many habitats. It may produce foul, green-pigmented discharge and necrosis.7 Also they can be assimilation by single species or mixed species consortia. They are some figure of definite features are required for the type of biofilm formation : 1 Attachment to the involving particular agglutinant proteins. 2 Cell to cell binding involving proteins,extra-cellular DNA and polysaccharide in order for the cells to resist the hydrodynamic forces. 3 Cell motility to enable the cells to crawl on the surface. The bulk of P.aeruginosa biofilm cells even at the early stage express a type that is recollecting of gene expression seen in the early stationary phase of planktonic cells by analysis based of transcriptomics. This would in part demonstrate the high tolerance to antibiotics since a lot of drugs are comparatively ineffective against slow or non-growing stationary cells. Furthermore quorum sensing ( QS ) regulated gene expression also contributes to biofilm tolerance. Davies et al. ( 1998) explained that a QS incomplete las I mutant of P.aeruginosa formalized biofilms that were much liable to biocides. Also, biofilms constituted by a las R, rhlR double mutant of P.aeruginosa is more exposed to killing by tobramycin and hydrogen peroxide than biofilms formed by a wild-type counterpart suggestive of biofilm specific QS controlled genes.8 Biofilm development: First, various species release to develop similar structural and functional endpoint over biofilm formation, including the various stage of microcolony formation, matrix embedded mature biofilms, and tolerance to antimicrobial agent. Moreover, these species may or may not employ cell surface structures such as pili, flagella and LPS. Second, the use of various channel for biofilm formation and function occur also within a species like the development of tobramycin resistance in P. aeruginosa.8 The biofilm life cycle. 1: each cells populate the surface. 2: extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is produced and attachment becomes irreversible. 3 4: biofilm architecture develops and matures. 5: single cells are released from the biofil.9 Manuka honey: Honey has various antimicrobial factors. About 80% of honey content by weight is sugar and it is relatively acidic ( typical pH ranges from 3.2 to 4.5 ), making it unsuitable for microbial growth.6 Manuka honey has been promoted to therapeutic advantage over other honeys which are grown in New Zealand and Australia.10 It is reported to have a high concentration of a trimethoxybenzoic acid and methylglyoxal ; 2-methoxybenzoic acid and methlglyoxal were linearly related in fresh manuka honey.11 Recently it has been documented that the antibacterial activity of this honey is due to reactive methylglyoxal ( MG ) which is more concentrated ( up to 100 times ) in manuka honey compared others honeys.10 This led to the development of an industry standard phenol equivalent named unique manuka factor ( UMF ).11 Where MG is a strong protein-glycating agent and a serious harbinger of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), GM and AGEs play a role in the pathogenesis of weakening diabetic wound healing and can adjust the structure and the function of the target molecules. Along with MG, hydrogen peroxide, flavonoid and aromatic acids are present in natural honeys.10 Hydrogen peroxide is produced in low concentration by the enzyme glucose oxidase which is present in the honey from bee hypopharyageal glayls. It is produced when honey is diluted with the body fluids and the acidity of the honey is neutralised also the body fluids. If the honey is used as topically like a wound dressing, hydrogen peroxide is formed by dilution of the honey with body fluids. C6 H12 O6 + H2O + O2 C6 H12 O7 + H2O2 The New Zealand beekeeping industry recognized that storage of manuka honey increased the UMF rating and thus also its market value. The colour of honey is linked to the configuration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds output on non-enzymatic caramelisation or Maillard reactions see Figure 2.11 Figure 2. Main properties of manuka honey in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. The black arrow represents known action, the white arrows represent hypothetical mechanisms of action. MG: methylglyoxal; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; MRJP1: major royal jelly protein.3 In addition, ripeness of stored honeys has been showed to increase the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ( HMF ) amount. Another thing is that some beekeeper in New Zealand are heating the honey to manipulate the UMF activity which may raise HMF beyond the current international standard of 40mg/kg for culinary honeys.11 The susceptibility of the honey to effect the action of the cells that are central to the wound healing method has been investigated by exposing monocytic cells to diluted honey and measuring the rate of release of cytokines that indicate cell activitation. Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, which are substantial cellular organizers of wound healing. Impaired healing is formed by numerous, complex factors which are not entirely understood at present, but it has been linked to reduced numbers of macroghages and inactive macrophages. The susceptibility of agents to stimulation such cells therefore has importance in estimate their wound healing potential.12 There were a study published for comparison of desloughing efficacy after 4 weeks and healing outcomes after 12 weeks in sloughy venous leg ulcers treated with Manuka honey ( Woundcare 18+ ) vs. Standard hydrogel therapy ( Intrasite Gel ). The study shows 108 patients with venous leg ulcers having à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 50 wound area covered in slough, not taking antibiotic or immunosuppressant therapy were recruited from ascular centres, acute and community care hospitals and leg ulcer clinics. The efficacy of wound care 18+ to deslough the wounds after 4 weeks and its impact on healing after 12 weeks when campared with IntraSite Gel control was determined. The treatment was applied weekly for 4 weeks and follow up was made at week 12. From the results of the study it was demonstrated that at week 4, mean percentage of reduction in slough was 67% Wound Care 18+ vs. 52.9% Intra Site Gel (p = 0.054). Mean wound area covered in slough reduced to 29% and 43%, respectively (p = 0.065). Median reduction in wound size was 34% vs. 13% (p = 0.001). At 12 weeks, 44% vs. 33% healed (p = 0.037). Wounds having >50% reduction in slough had greater probability of healing at week 12 (95% confidence interval 1.12, 9.7; risk ratio 3.3; p = 0.029). Infection developed in 6 of the WoundCare18+ group vs. 12 in the IntraSite Gel group. The WoundCare 18+ group had increased incidence of healing, effective desloughing and a lower incidence of infection than the control. Manuka honey has therapeutic value. This study confirmd that manuka honey may be considered by clinicians for use in sloughy venous ulcers.13 Calgary Biofilm Plates: The Calgary Biofim Plates was developed at the University of Calgary by their microbiologists. This Device now has a commercial name as The MBEC assay. It working by the idea of the microorganisms to grow on 96 pegs protruding down from a plastic lid. The MBEC assay plate has two parts. The upper part of the plate is polystyrene lid with 96 identical pegs. The mean surface area of each peg is 108.9mm2. The lid is inserted into the lower part of the plate a microtiter plate is set up to contain an inoculated growth medium. The plate is kept on a gyrorotary shaker in an incubator, which provides the shearing force that facilitates the formation of 96 biofilms on the peg lid. Biofilms take shape on the polystyrene pegs when planktonic bacteria adsorb to the surface. In the presence of shear, these bacteria become irreversibly attached and grow to form mature biofilms.14

FDA and Merck :: essays research papers

The FDA and Merck Vioxx Scandal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the news recently, many different companies have been recognized for their unethical practices in their company and towards the public. One of these companies is the FDA and Merck. The FDA, the Federal Drug Administration, is one of the most trusted companies in the pharmaceutical market. This company tests different drugs and gives approval for them to be obtainable to the public. Merck is a company that creates these drugs and then has them tested by the FDA for approval. Some of the drugs that Merck has been known for are Singulair for asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Fosamax for osteoporosis, Cozaar/Hyzaar for high blood pressure, Vioxx and Arcoxia for arthritis and pain, Cancidas for infections, Cosopt for glaucoma, Proscar for benign prostate enlargement, and Maxalt for migraines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, the FDA and Merck have been battling with many facilities and the public over the drug Vioxx. Vioxx was produced to help arthritis pain in patients. The FDA approved the drug that Merck produced and has been in the market for four years, and recently pulled off of it. Evidence is continuing to surface showing the FDA knowingly approved and promoted the drug, and refused to recall it after showing many health risks and deaths because of it. Evidence has also shown Merck trying to hide evidence of heart disease after the FDA has approved it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the FDA and Merck has lied to the public and drawn out many health risks because of drugs that they have approved, it is difficult to come up with an idea that will restore the public’s trust towards both companies. The FDA which was already one of America’s most trusted companies in the medicine industry, has lost the faith that customers always had. To regain the trust of the public, the company could have different public announcements to explain the situation and what occurred with the Vioxx scandal.

The Driving Force Behind Macbeth Essay

Throughout the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Macbeth takes part in many self-destructing acts driven by many external forces, among which the witches’ prophecies are most influential. The three weird sisters initially led him to believe he is soon to be the king of Scotland. The idea the witches planted in Macbeth’s head, â€Å"all hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!† (I, iii, 50), began his conceded way of thinking. With this new false knowledge, Macbeth’s conscience begins to disintegrate and he decides that he must do anything to fulfill his destiny to be king. Ironically, this highly respected warrior who once was the king’s most loyal knight, suddenly is becoming a malicious animal willing to rip away the life of any person or thing impeding him from achieving his potential greatness. One main contribution to this change in priorities is the knowledge gained from the witches of Banquo’s sons becoming heir to the throne. T his is viewed as a threat to his success, providing an incentive to carry out the murder of Banquo and Fleance, which was the goal of the witches. When thinking of ridding of Banquo, Macbeth declares to himself, â€Å" Which in his death were perfect† (III, i, 115). This gives him a false sense of security knowing that he no longer has to compete for the throne. To complete this act all morals are put aside, parallel to his original decision to promote his self desires above all else. Of the three apparitions presented by the witches, one concerned with the disloyalty of Macduff seals Macbeth’s fate; leading him to take drastic measures against Macduff and his family. When going to carry out this act, Macbeth states, â€Å" This deed I’ll do before this purpose cool† (IV, I, 161). This shows that he feels urgency to commit the murder in a timely matter, before he has the chance to think twice. Although murdering an entire family would seem absurd to an average person, Macbeth finds no wrong in it, as he can only focus on becoming king. The predictions that the witches have led the naà ¯ve Macbeth to believe are the main influences that lead him deeper into his inevitable, corrupted future of self-destruction and denial.

Holden Caulfield

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Albert Einstein Leadership

Robert Bruce August 10, 2012 Leadership The Accidental Leader Albert Einstein was a world-renowned German-born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and famous equation of E = mc2 the expression of mass-energy equivalence. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics â€Å"for his service to Theoretical Physics, and his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. His numerous contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which brought together concepts of mechanics and electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which was intended to extend the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion and to provide a new theory of gravitation. The physics community reveres Einstein; with over three hundred published scientific works and over one hundred and non-scientific works, Einstein’s influence on modern theoretical physics is irrefutable. In a broader sense, he is regarded as one of the most influential people in hu man history.In 1999, he was name Time magazine’s â€Å"Person of the Century†. Einstein became a German citizen in 1914, but showed feelings of being pressured into accepting Germany citizenship by the Academy. There were growing tensions in Germany after World War I towards Jewish people. Albert was not a practicing Jew but faced the same prejudice and injustice Jewish people across Europe would feel under Hitler rule. Einstein’s fears of a Nazi-ruled Germany came to reality in 1933 when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany.Hitler's administration introduced the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which removed Jews and politically suspect government employees (including university professors) from their jobs, unless they had demonstrated their loyalty to Germany by serving in World War I. Einstein remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship and emigrated to America to take the position at Princeton University. M eanwhile, in Germany, a campaign began to eliminate Einstein's work from the German lexicon. Activists published pamphlets and ven textbooks denigrating Einstein, and instructors who taught his theories were blacklisted. Albert’s upbringing and personal life form the foundation of Einstein, the man, the leader, and the genius. Jurgen Neffe sums up Einstein’s childhood with the line, â€Å"A child like Albert, in the view of the German-born American psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, ‘today would be subjected to specialized examination and, perhaps, to treatment. ’ Fortunately Einstein was spared that. † Einstein’s childhood was unique even to the standards of late Nineteenth Century Europe.Young Albert was not pressured into sports and social circles by his parents; instead left to create his own supplementary curriculum and study with his engineer uncle. Einstein had help developing intellectually but that was not the case with social interactions. As Albert grew he kept a childlike way about him except when it came to women. Neffe uses Albert’s love letters extensively to show his fascination with the other sex and derives, â€Å"Einstein’s correspondence with women invariably reveals he regarded [women] almost as playthings. However Neffe neglects to connect Albert’s early successful form of communication to his later dependence on written correspondence. According to Neffe, Albert was very successful with women but not at relationships. Neffe describes his interactions with his two sons and divorced wife as if they were circumstantial, but Albert clearly felt himself a better father and provider if the relationship was on paper. The seclusion Albert was then thrust into because of his divorce allowed him to delve wholly into his work.Albert Einstein’s will to think was engrained in his psyche at an early age. Neffe finds this point to be a singular incident. During this phase, one experience in particular made a â€Å"deep and lasting impression† on Einstein: the day â€Å"my father showed me a compass. † He was surprised that its needle always pointed in the same direction without being touched. â€Å"Something deeply hidden had to be behind things. † The initiation of a genius? The â€Å"miracle† sheds light on the enigma of his uniqueness only up to a point.Nearly every child is amazed at the sight of a quivering compass needle or some other baffling physical phenomenon. As Einstein advances in years he becomes more focused on his work. Albert’s personal studies are the only consistent force in his life and soon encompass his life. Einstein’s obligatory migrations forced him to completely embrace his studies as a defense mechanism. There is a childlike quality that remains present in many men considered geniuses, but fails to connect to Einstein’s upbringing.The focused, isolationist psyche developed in his youth stayed with the man and developed the genius. Neffe describes the genius Albert Einstein’s contributions to science as indispensable. Neffe writes. â€Å"In addition to his contributions to the foundations of modern physics, he also made essential inroads in chemistry, provided the theoretical basis for the development of the laser, and, in his insatiable curiosity, answered questions such as why rivers bend and why the sky is blue. † Einstein’s isolation and devotion to his thoughts allowed him to develop his amazing theories.Neffe describes Einstein’s collaborations with other scientist and students in relation to work but does not fully describe the awkwardness that must have occurred between men of their nature. Einstein was turned down for many teaching positions and only received an honorary PhD. It is evident that every scientist greatly admires the dedication of Einstein to his work. A half-century after Einstein’s death, his theories, and the min d that spawned them, remain as baffling as ever to the public. Neffe offered a valid attempt to explain what created Einstein.He determines the defining moment of Einstein’s life at Nov. 6, 1919, the day when a joint session of Britain’s Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society announced it had confirmed Einstein’s grandest idea, the general theory of relativity. According to the theory, gravity can generate enough force to bend light. Sir Frank Dyson, the Astronomer Royal, announced that the results left â€Å"no doubt† about the validity of Einstein’s prediction. Years later it was uncovered that the results in fact left considerable doubt, but Einstein’s supporters intuitively felt that the theory must be correct.The Times of London declared the finding â€Å"one of the most momentous, if not the most momentous, pronouncements of human thought. † Within days other media around the world followed. In an instant, Neffe writes, â €Å"Albert Einstein was reborn as legend and myth, idol and icon of an entire era. † Einstein showed his true qualities as a leader preceding and following World War II. Preceding the war, the German-Jew immigrant had the power to write the president, Theodore Roosevelt, urging leadership to begin nuclear weapons research to keep pace with Germany.Einstein’s nuclear theories, formulated for energy production, became the foundation for the work done during the Manhattan Project. Following the war, Einstein had the foresight to see the perils of a nuclear arms race and led the movement to slow nuclear progression. Einstein’s leadership qualities were honored the most when he was offered the Israeli Presidency by the government of Israel. Einstein’s influence was derived from his expert power and conceptual skill. Einstein never set out to be a leader, yet made some of the greatest contributions to the world’s society in history. ——†”———————————- [ 1 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 [ 2 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 87 [ 3 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 [ 4 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 151 [ 5 ]. Albert Einstein: A Leader in Science. Glen F. (Gather. com 2008)

Law and Ethics of At-Will Employment Research Paper

Law and Ethics of At-Will Employment - Research Paper Example We will deep-dive into the law and evaluate the ethical implications of the law. Introduction to the law The at-will-employment law in USA states that the contract of employment between an employer and employee can be terminated by either of the two parties at any point of time for any specific reason. This implies that the employee can resign from the job without any contractual obligations to the employer and the employer can separate the employee without any obligations post the separation. Because of the nature of the contract, its duration is a moment and it is renewed from every moment to moment. History The law of at-will-employment finds its beginning in the late nineteenth century. Untill that time, most of the workers in US were employed in the agricultural sector and were appointed for particular harvesting season. During that time, the workers were subjected to work for a particular master for the entire season. Workers who leave their jobs before the end of the term will have to forgo their wages for the period that they worked. Although there was no specified term for the duration of contract, the same will be implied by the courts. This was termed as the entire-contract doctrine. The entire-contract doctrine led to high income insecurity amongst the unskilled workers. With the advancement of technology and growth of production in masses and manufacturing plants, majority of the workers shifted from agricultural sector to the industrial sector. Workers in this sector were hired for the indefinite period and therefore not subjected to the entire-contract doctrine. From 1880s, some of the courts started to view the employment contract as a contract that can be terminated by any of the party at any given point of time and any reason. This evolved as the at-will-employment law and became prominent in many states. Trends in At-will-employment doctrine The at-will-employment doctrine was favorable for the laborers as it removed the monetary insecurity a rising out of the entire-contract term. It meant that the workers were paid for the time they worked even if they quit or were separated. Because of the advantage to the workers and new theories in the field of human resource management, organization started to reorganize their workforce into ‘internal labor markets’ (Doeringer & Piore, 1971). According to this arrangement, the workforce was organized in the form of hierarchical levels where significant experience and training at a particular level provided the way for the level up. Organizations started to design policies centered on the employees so that they stay with the firm for a long duration. Employees were given advantages of fixed promotion cycles along with increasing pay. During the large part of twentieth century, at-will-employment along with the concept of ‘internal labor markets’ was the norm. Workers were further benefited from the presence of unions that were responsible for negotiation of contracts and contract terms. Beginning in the 1970s, many state courts started to impose restrictions on the employers regarding their right to lay-off employees. The courts started to impose tort liabilities on firms that were proved of making unjustified dismissals. Besides this, courts also started to incorporate tenets of good faith and fairness as a part of the employment co

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Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Families - Essay Example Before we proceed to explore the diversity in race and ethnicity in families, let us try to find out the meaning of ethnicity, race and culture. Ethnicity, race and culture do not have the same meaning and it is very important that these terminologies are explored separately. Socially ascribed and constructed statuses mirroring broader political and socio historical influences are constituted by ethnicity and race. Nowadays a lot of emphasis is given to immigrant families and hence it becomes very important to separate culture and immigration status. Culture is a practice which is constantly changing, dynamic and reciprocal. A person learns to adapt to the ongoing changes taking place due to the influences of history, politics and sociology. The terminology, socio cultural has been coined to show the influence of the above mentioned multiple agents. (Chao & Otsuki-Clutter, 2011). The Study Group on Race, Ethnicity and Culture has suggested defining these terminologies. According to t hem, race can defined as the phenotypic disparities which arise as a result of biological or genetic dispositions like color of the skin, texture of the hair, etc. Ethnicity can be explained as the perceived membership of a group of people depending on the ancestry, nationality, or both. Culture has a broad connotation. It considers the individual discrepancies in families in relation to the beliefs, practices and values. Culture also takes into account the roles of an individual in the family, affective styles, pattern of communication and interaction and values with regards to individualism, personal control, collectivism, religiosity and spirituality (Murry, Smith & Hill, 2001). Educating children about ethnicity and race Socialization is a means adopted by all families in order to educate children about the meaning and result of race and ethnicity. This is the way in which children are enlightened about the

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Enrons corporate ethics policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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